Questão de Inglês — Interpretação de Textos (Understanding) — Quadrix 2023

Bahia, state of eastern Brazil, is bounded by Piauí and Pernambuco states to the north, by Alagoas and Sergipe states to the northeast, by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, by Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais states to the south, and by Goiás and Tocantins states to the west. The capital, Salvador, is a port situated at the southern tip of the peninsula that separates Todos os Santos (All Saints) Bay, a deep natural harbour, from the Atlantic Ocean. The Portuguese first entered the region in 1501, through the bay where Salvador is now located, and they called the area Bahia (“Bay”), whence the state derives its name.

On All Saints’ Day, November 1, 1501, Portuguese explorers entered the bay on which Salvador now stands; they therefore named it Baía de Todos os Santos (All Saints Bay). The subsequent occupation of the vicinity by the Portuguese led in 1549 to the merging of four captaincies under the first governor‑general of Brazil, Tomé de Sousa, who in the same year founded Salvador as the seat of his government.

The colonization of the territory began in the Recôncavo, where sugarcane and tobacco were grown for export and other crops raised for the settlers’ food. In the semiarid interior, cattle raising was considerably stimulated in the 18th century, when the discovery of gold and gems in the Diamantina Upland attracted more settlers.

When the Empire of Brazil was proclaimed in 1822, Bahia was still controlled by forces loyal to Portugal, but on July 2, 1823, Brazilian troops occupied Salvador, and Bahia became a province of the empire. In 1889, under the republic, Bahia became a state of the Brazilian republic. During the 1890s a major messianic movement led by the charismatic preacher Antônio Vicente Mendes Maciel, known to his followers as Antônio Conselheiro (“Counselor”), and centred at the religious settlement of Canudos (in the arid interior of Bahia) was viewed as a subversive threat to the secular republic. It was bloodily repressed in 1897 in what became known as the War of Canudos. (This event has been immortalized by Peruvian author Mario Vargas Llosa as well as many Brazilian writers.)

During the 19th century there was a revival of agriculture: it was the golden age for sugarcane, coffee was grown on a large scale, cotton production increased, and the forests of the south were turned into profitable plantations of cacao. Rubber plantations were developed at the beginning of the 20th century. By the turn of the 21st century, although agriculture remained important, the majority of the state’s income derived from industry, commerce, and tourism.

Internet: <www.britannica.com> (with adaptations).